Why it works: Sugar and flour are a kitchen classic. They rank in the top 15% of all ingredient pairs, and cooks put them together in 92,116 recipes. Both carry phenylacetaldehyde, which smells hawthorne, honey. The science ↓
Naples Biscuits
Ingredients
Directions
The book gives no oven temperature. The 350°F (175°C) in the steps was added when the recipe was transcribed, as a starting point.
Make the syrup
In a small copper saucepan, combine the sugar and water.
Add the orange flower water and boil until the sugar is melted.
Make the batter
In a bowl, whisk the eggs (whites and yolks together) until well combined.
Pour the hot syrup into the eggs while whisking rapidly to prevent the eggs from cooking.
Continue whisking until the mixture is completely cool and set.
Gently fold in the flour until just combined.
Bake and finish
Prepare a baking sheet with two sheets of paper, making the edges of one sheet stand up about 1½ inches high.
Pour the batter into the prepared paper and sift powdered sugar over the top.
Bake in a preheated oven at 350°F (175°C), watching carefully to prevent burning.
Once baked, remove from the oven and let cool in the paper.
To remove the paper, wet the bottom until it comes off easily, then cut into desired sizes.
Transcribed from a scanned cookbook and modernised for today's kitchens. Where the book gave no heat or time, or said "a moderate oven", the temperatures and times here may be modern equivalents rather than the book's own figures.
Explore the science
The flavor team
The pairs that carry this dish. Each one is judged two ways: how much their aromas overlap, and how often cooks already put them together.
-
Sugar + flourtop 15% of all pairsSmell alikemoderateCooked together92,116 recipes
Shared aroma: phenylacetaldehyde (hawthorne, honey).
-
Egg + flourtop 15% of all pairsSmell alikelowCooked together106,462 recipes
Shared aroma: isobutyraldehyde (malty, green).
-
Sugar + orangetop 20% of all pairsSmell alikelowCooked together19,212 recipes
Shared aroma: beta-damascenone (apple, rose).
-
Sugar + eggtop 21% of all pairsSmell alikemoderateCooked together122,807 recipes
Shared aroma: 2-nonenal (fatty, green).
-
Orange + flourtop 21% of all pairsSmell alikemoderateCooked together6,821 recipes
Shared aroma: isobutyraldehyde (malty, green).
Egg and flour barely smell alike, yet cooks put them together in 106,462 recipes: they work on texture and structure more than aroma.
Ranks compare each pair with 20,000 random ingredient pairs on CompKitchen. How we score pairs
What each ingredient does
- Eggs
- Whisked with hot syrup, they set and give the biscuits their structure and lift.
- Flour
- Provides the structure that holds the set egg foam together once folded in.
- Sugar
- Sweetens the biscuits and, dissolved in water, forms the syrup that cooks the eggs.
- Orange flower water
- Adds a floral aroma to the syrup and biscuits.
The step that matters
Pour the hot syrup into the eggs while whisking rapidly. Hot syrup poured in slowly or without constant whisking can scramble the eggs locally, leaving lumps. Rapid whisking spreads the heat evenly so the eggs thicken into a smooth, stable foam.
Swap the orange
How well each one fits the dish's main ingredients (sugar, egg, flour):
- Raisinfits better
- Vanillafits better
- Lemonfits better
- Orangethe original
Fit is the average pairing score against sugar, egg, flour. Candidates are from the same food group and used in at least 100 recipes.
“What each ingredient does” and “The step that matters” were written by Claude from this recipe’s own method and reviewed in samples by CompKitchen.
You might also like
Orange Bundt Cake349 recipes
Orange Cream Rice Pudding121 recipes
Orange Gelatin100 recipes
Orange Sherbet73 recipesThe free Flavor Lab newsletter: one surprising pairing a week and the molecular reason it works, in 60 seconds. No spam, unsubscribe anytime.
Prefer an account? Create a free account to save pairings and unlock the full chemistry.