Care and Culture of Children

Ingredients

• one-half cup whole rice
• three pints cold water
• one cup of boiling water
• one cup of fresh milk
• one-half cup boiled milk
• two tablespoonfuls stale graham bread
• four tablespoonfuls grits
• one quart boiling water
• one cup milk
• one-half cup small hominy
• one cup graham flour
• one saltspoonful salt
• one tablespoonful indian meal
• one cup of white flour
• two cups boiling water
• two cups milk
• one cup indian meal
• two quarts cold water
• a pinch of salt
• a good pinch of salt
• one authority
• eight
• ten o'clock without injury to their health
• one blanket should always be placed
• one piece
• two little ones can be exercised in a double
• two nurses would be required to afford separate exercise to each child
• one who has been a mother about the same length of time as the parent of the inf
• one teaspoonful
• one small pinch of salt
• one-third part milk
• two teaspoonfula best bermuda arrowi'oot
• two even teaspoonfuls white sugar
• one scant quart of cold avater
• one large cup boiling water
• two heaping tablespoonfuls rice flour
• one cow
• one means
• salt

Directions

1. wbich will require no undue force to put into practice during the term of nursery life.

2. Infants born in the winter and during the cold months of spring, require to sleep at the mother's side for the first few weeks; accord- ing to one authority, " for the first few months, as it requires the

3. warmth of another person's body, especially in winter," But t'ua strength of the child, as well as the weather, must carry thei^ due weight in determining the length of the time. Doctors differ on this point. At all events, it should lie alone when sufticiently sti'^ng

4. 448 CARE AND CULTURE OF CHILDREN.

5. to bear it; when sleeping with the mother it should not, on that account, be the oftener suckled; the mischief of the latter habit does not end with the over-taxed digestion of the child. Few mothers are able to stand the drain thus made upon their strength, and in consequence, " nursing " has to be given up much sooner than would otherwise be necessary.

6. The natural time for slumber, in very early life, is immediately after taking food. As the young of almost all creatures show this disposition, there can be no harm in following the dictate. Oppor- tunity, then, should be taken to lay the child in its bed, whether awake or not, after having been fed. A little later in life, when digestion is stronger, and the stomach is better able to dispose of a heavy meal, an interval is necessary between taking nourishment and going to sleep.

7. The utmost vigilance is generally necessary to prevent the habit of sleeping in the nurse's arms from being contracted. Most nurses enjoy a doze in front of the fire — a luxury well earned by, perchance, a broken night's rest; but with infants no such necessity is felt. Still, if they are once allowed to feel the soothing influence of the fire's warmth, combined with the soft and pleasant mechanical movement of the nurse's knees, they speedily get rebellious against attempts to make them lie alone in the crib. In engaging a nurse, it is advisable to have it clearly understood that the babe is not to be nursed on the lap when asleep.

8. The best-trained child, however, will not return peacefully to its cot if the bedding is not perfectly dry and comfortable. After the child has been lifted out, " changed," and fed, the pillow and mat- tress should be well shaken and, if necessary, wet blankets replaced by dry ones. Having put the infant back, the light should be par- tially screened or extinguished. These arrangements require to be made in a very methodical manner, and will have to be repeated a few times to be fully understood by the child. If, at the outset, a cry of resistance should be heard when it is time to go back to bed, a wise mother will conceal herself from sight, and turn a deaf ear

9. CARE AND CULTURE OF CHILDREN. 449

10. Sooner or later this hreaking-in will have to take place, and the longer it is delayed, the greater will be the trouble.

11. About the age of three months, an infant does not usually require night-feeding more frequently than when the mother retires to rest, and again toward five or six in the morning. At this age the faculty of observation begins generally to show itself, and affords a golden opportunity to convey right impi-essions to the plastic infant mind. The first objects of which a child takes notice are those which are employed in supplying its personal wants. Thus the sight of a nursing-bottle wi?l generally set a child to crying for food. In like manner it is a good plan to appropriate certain coverings to the use of an infant when " sleeping-time " is in question. The writer has known a gaily-colored knitted rug to set the tiny inmates of a nursery yawning from the mere associations which the familiar wrapper suggested. Each infant in turn had been enveloped in that rug preparatorj'- to going to sleep, and they had not a thought of resisting its influence.

12. The habit of taking a mid-day nap may be advantageously observed till the age of three or four years has been attained. Even if the child be not sleepy it is advisable to let it lie in its cot for a certain time after having taken exercise, and before dinner. If any inducement is necessary, there is no reason why a few toys or a picture-book should not be allowed in bed. Pretending to hush a doll to sleep, for instance, will often send the child itself to sleep, and is as good a ruse as can be adoj^ted.

13. Before putting the inmates of a nursery to bed, the room should be darkened, and the nurse should betake herself, if possible, to an adjoining room for any occupation she may have to fulfill.

14. Care is needed not to arouse a child too suddenly from its slumbers. Allow it, on all occasions to waken of its own accord.

15. A notion is prevalent that much sleeping by day lessens the power of sleeping by night; but this is an error. As a general rule the more a child sleeps the more it wants to sleep. Wakefulness is generally caused by over-fatigue and excitement, and is a posi'

16. 450 CARE AND CULTURE OF CHILDREN.

17. lively painful state to the sensitive organism of a young child. This description of suffering admits of no alleviation but from sleep; reprimands and additional food only inci'ease the sufferer's torment.

18. It ought not to be necessary to point out the danger of giving narcotics to young children. But so long as such remedies as "teething powders," etc., are recommended, we must not be sup- posed to ignore the fact that the true nature of such drugs is, not to facilitate the process of cutting teeth, but to lull restless infants into an unnatural sleep. Long before any disturbance of a child's health is likely to occur from teething, these compounds are apt to be administered simply to secure a quite night's rest. The restlessness complained of arises, nine times out of ten, from flatulence and indigestion. A fit of sleeplessness may, in very many instances, be terminated by wrapping the infant in a warm covering, and exer- cising it in an apartment of lower temperature than the nursery.

19. In more advanced childhood than we have hitherto spoken of, the importance of sleep is undiminished, and should be observed with regularity. No invariable rule can be laid down for general observance, but most children between the ages of four and seven years require, at least, twelve hours' sleep. Ten hours are supposed to be needful for school boys, and eight for adults. Few childrer* under ten years of age can be kept out of their beds after ten o'clock without injury to their health. When once awake in the morning, they should be accustomed to rise at once.

20. Most parents go to their childrens' rooms before retiring. The chief object in these visits is to see whether the little ones be sufli- ciently covered, and that no draughts be felt from open windows and doors.

21. In the winter, a few hours after being put in bed, most young children require a little additional covering, owing to the body having lost some of its warmth during sleep. Another precaution to be taken is, that the children's heads be suflicientl}^ raised to prevent their breathing the air emitted from their lungs. This

22. CARE AND CULTURE OF CHILDREN. 451

23. habit, if not necessarily fatal, is certainly liable to lay the seeds of a consumptive state, and to produce an impaired constitution, A single small pillow is generally sufficient. One blanket should always be placed with the selvage ends across the bed, in order to allow ])lenty of room to turn in under the mattress. Children generally sleep more comfortably, and suffer less from cold feet, if their bedding be slightly raised at the foot.

24. During the first few weeks of life, the disposition to sleep indi- cates the necessity for avoiding anything like excitement to prema- ture activity. With limbs and muscles undeveloped, and mental powers unformed, the only exertion to which a very young child should be subjected is that which is occasioned by being washed and dressed. Gentle chafing of the limbs before a fire may be practiced morning and evening with benefit and pleasure to the babe. Not until an infant voluntarily seeks movement, or the dawning intelligence evinces pleasure in passing objects should any attempt be made to disturb the order of things established by nature. This change may generally be observed about the third month. In the meantime, the more tranquil an infant can be kept, both in mind and in body, the greater ai'e the chances of unchecked development at the proper period.

25. The practice of too many nurses is at variance with these simple rules. Uninformed, generally, respecting the structure of the human frame, they are apt to apply principles of exercise totally unfitted to the tender organism of infancy. Hence the objection' able habit of jog-trotting on the knee, together with the pernicious practice of inducing the babe to sujjport its head before the spine is strong enough to bear the weight. The period when it is safe to encourage an infant to sit upright is at the age of seven months. Previously to that time the body should be held only in a semi- erect posture, either by resting across the nurse's shoulder, or by placing the distended palm of her hand against the child's chest. It is more necessary to observe these precautions against spinal

26. 452 CARE AND CULTURE OF CHILDREN.

27. weakness in time, because children who may have been injurionslj managed at the outset become restless when it is attempted to keep them in a reclining posture.

28. An exercise very congenial to the inclination of a baby consists- in spreading cushions upon the floor for it, upon which to spread itself. If no cushion be at hand, a clean cot mattress will answer equally well. All little ones revel in freedom from the restrained posture of the nurse's arms. The above exercise is the first step toward learning to creep — the most healthful and natural mode of progression in babyhood. Some over-anxious j^arents check this habit, lest it should bring the infant into danger. Harm, however, seldom results, provided common precautions be taken. Another prejudice sometimes entertained against creeping is that, if a child finds how easy it is to get along on the hands and knees, it will not try to walk. Here, again, the fears are unfounded. All children are anxious to get upon their feet as soon as they feel themselves strong enough to do so; but many children do not walk before they are from twelve to fourteen months old. In the meanwhile creep- ing brings every limb into play in manner proportionate to an infant's strength. The best dress for the creeping age is the one in which little French children are usually attired — a sort of Knicker- bocker suit, warm and loose, with trousers and vest all of one piece.

29. The stage at which infants begin to walk demands the exercise of a considerable amount of self-control on the part of the parents,, inasmuch as falls are inevitable. These appear to a looker-on to be of a more serious nature than they really ai*e. Provided a child does not fall from a greater elevation than his own height, injury very seldom occurs from these tumbles. The most dangerous falls are those from spring mattresses and seats. The suddenness of the jerk prevents a child from saving itself by the exercise of the momentary instinct which is usually displayed in other cases of impending danger. Left to themselves, little folks generally fall neatly, and manage to keep their heads uppermost. The cry which is heard after these accidents arises from surprise and mortification..

30. Put the Children to Bed Happy, and They Will Rise Cheerful in the Morning.

31. — Franklin.

32. CARE AND CULTURE OF CHILDREN. 453

33. and the trouble is best treated as a joke. If, instead of catching the child iip in her ai-ms and smothering it with caresses, accompa- nied with expressions of sympathy, the nurse said, in a cheerful voice, "Jump up, and see where you sat last," the child's mind would be diverted, and braced to fresh exertions.

34. As soon as the child is able to leave the house, it should pass as much of the time as possible in the open air. Even sleeping out of -doors does no harm provided proper clothing be w^orn. Warm <3lothing for the chest, arms, legs, feet, and loins is essential. The head should be kept cool, and the face covered with a light gauze material only. As a general rule, the head-gear of an infant should admit of the free passage of the air inhaled and exhaled both by day and by night.

35. Perambulators, under careful guidance, are a real boon to both jiurse and child. If the babe be healthy, and the weather suitable, there is no reason why infants should not, almost from the com- mencement, take daily exercise in a perambulator. Children from the age of a year old thrive better when exercised in the open air in a perambulator than when carried in the nurse's arms. Less fatigue in carrying ensures less risk from nurse sitting down to rest. It is seldom that cold is taken when passing briskly through the air; standing still in draughty places is always most carefully to be guarded against. Two little ones can be exercised in a double .perambulator at an age when two nurses would be required to afford separate exercise to each child.

36. When the exercise of walking ceases to be a pleasurable excite^ ment, some inducement is needful to get little folks along. The daily walk consequently becomes a trial of patience to nurse and child. The best way to obviate this difficulty is to make the walk a secondary object, and some attendant amusement the ostensible one, such as playing at horses, etc.

37. Muscular exercise, adapted to more advanced childliood, has received an important accessory in the form of gymnastic appa- ratus, of great variety and simplicity. They are made for diffei<*<!nt

38. 454 CARE AND CULTURE OF CHILDREN.

39. classes of strength, and are designed to bring every muscle into play. There are also very many valuable courses of exercise for which no apparatus of any kind is necessary.

40. The most suitable food for infants is that of Nature's own pro- viding— mother's milk. In very exceptional instances is this supply short-coming during the first few weeks after child-birth. If, unhappily, the contrary should be the case, a delicate infant can seldom be successfully reared without the aid of a wet-nurse. The only circumstances which should prevent a mother from suckling her offspring are a too excitable temperament, or a consumptive state of constitution. Ordinary debility, consequent or recent con- finement, is rarely an impediment to the fulfillment of one of the highest instincts of human nature, and one no less productive of moral than of physical benefits. During the time a child receives nourishment at its mother's breast the earliest bond of sympathy, destined to influence a lifetime of parent and child, is naturally formed.

41. Whatever changes it may be found necessary to make in the dietary of an infant after the age of six weeks, absolute necessity alone should induce the substitution of artificial in lieu of natural food. The first milk is of a purgative nature, and is admirably adapted to cleanse the system of a new-born babe. In this par- ticular, the most desirable wet-nurse might fail to prove a fitting deputy for the mother. Likewise, throughout the period of nursing, it is a point of great importance that the quality of the nourish- ment should be proportionate to the age of an infant. If the ser- vices of a wet-nurse are inevitable, it should be sought to engage one who has been a mother about the same length of time as the parent of the infant to be brought up. In selecting a wet-nurse a medical man is the proper medium.

42. During the first two or three weeks, an infant, if awake, may be suckled at intervals of from one to two hours. The sooner, how- ever, the babe can be brought into the habit of being fed once ia

43. CARE AND CULTURE OF CHILDREN. 455

44. two hours the greater will be the benefit derived from the nourish- ment, and the more speedily will the mother be enabled to regain her own strength. A determination to attain regularity in feeding is all that is needed. When this plan is steadily pursued, the digestion of a child will work with the precision of the clock by which its meals are regulated. All cries should not be supposed to arise from craving for food. Numberless cases of irritation may occasion a fretful cry — cold feet, pi-essure of clothing, wet linen, or other discomforts. Instead, therefore, of giving food instantly, it is advisable to open the clothes, warm the tiny feet, chafe the limbs, OX', if possible, take the infant for a little walk out of doors. If, after having tried similar remedies, the fretfulness continues, the cause should be sought in the condition of the child's stools. If signs of griping pains, or colic, be evident, less food should be given, and the intervals between his meals lengthened.

45. Sometimes a cry of continual distress prevails, from the mother's milk being not sufficiently nourishing to satisfy the appetite of the babe. In such cases it is advisable to give, every night and morn- ing, a meal of cow's milk and water, prepared in the following manner: Fresh milk and warm water, of each, one-quarter of a pint; sugar of milk, one teaspoonful. The latter should first be dissolved in the warm water, then the milk, unboiled, mixed with it. Sweetening with sugar of milk, instead of lump sugar, makes a greater resemblance to the mother's milk. Possibly the infant may take biit half the above quantity; we only give the recipe to show the right proportions. An older child might require all at a meal.

46. The practice of giving thickened food to infants at too tender an age is a source of endless ti-ouble. Dr. Edward Smith remarks that the feeding of young infants on bread, biscuits, flour, and other substances than milk, " is a constant source of derangement of the liver, and a frequent cause of fits." As a general rule a baby ought to be entirely nourished on milk until the first tooth appears.

47. "Up to six or seven months of age infants have not the power of digesting farinaceous or fibrinous substances." After that age

48. 456 CARE AND CULTURE OF CHILDREN.

49. many descriptions of farinaceous food may be used, and are to be strongly recommended. Beef tea, veal, chicken, or mutton broth are apt to turn acid and cause flatulence or sickness, and should not be given without medical advice. Care should be observed in every change of infants' diet, especially if teething be in operation.

50. A very necessary treatment after a meal consists in lifting the babe across the nurse's left shoulder, whether awake or asleep, and gently patting the infant's back until the wind displaced by the food is thrown off the stomach. Whei'ever this precaution is used gripes and windy colic are seldom heard of.

51. The period of weaning is one of great anxiety. Make the change gradually. A little self -restraint in keeping out of sight when the child may naturally be supposed to be hungry, is the greatest act of kindness to the little one. The most favorable time for weaning is in warm weather, when the infant can be amused and kejst much out of doors.

52. The utmost cleanliness should be observed in every detail con- nected with the keeping of all utensils for nursery use. When removed from the bottle, the India-rubber top should be immedi- ately placed in a glass of clean water, and the bottle cleansed of every trace of food, and twice a day rinsed out with tea-leaves and water. When not in use the bottle should be hidden from the infant's sight.

53. Rice Jelly,

54. One-half cup whole rice, well washed and soaked two hours in a little warm water; then added, with the water, to that in the kettle three pints cold water, one small pinch of salt, j^ut into the water. Sweeten to taste Avith loaf sugar. Simmer the rice half an hour; then boil until it is a smooth paste, and the water is reduced one- half. Strain through double tarlatan, sweeten, and give to the child. This is an admirable preparation for an infant suffering with weakness of the bowels. If there be no fever, you may put one-third part milk, boiled with the rice. Give a few spoonfuls every hour or half hour.

55. CARE AND CULTURE OF ClllJ.DKEN. 457

56. Arrowroot.

57. One cup of boiling water, one cup of fresh milk, two teaspoonfula

58. best Bermuda arrowi'oot, wet with cold water, one small pinch of

59. salt, two even teaspoonfuls white sugar, dissolved in the milk.

60. Stir the arrowroot paste into the salted boiling water; stir and boii

61. five minutes or until it is clear; add the sweetened milk, and boiJ

62. * . . .

63. ten minutes, slowly, still stirring. If the child has fever, or cannot

64. digest milk, substitute hot water for it. It is, however, a dangeroua

65. experiment to forbid milk altogether for an infant. It would be

66. better to diminish the quantity, putting in, say, one-third or on»*-

67. fourth as much as the receipt names, and filling up with boilinsf

68. Milk axd Bread.

69. One-half cup boiled milk, two tablespoonfuls stale Graham bread, a very little sugar. Crumble the bread into the boiled milk- sweeten, and when cool enough, feed to the child with a spoon.

70. ' "Wheatex Grits. Four tablespoonfuls grits (cracked wheat) soaked in a little cold water one hour, and then put into the kettle; one quart boiling water, one cup milk, a pinch of salt. Boil the soaked grits in the quart of water one hour, stirring up often; add the milk and boil half an hour longer. Sweeten to taste, and if the child is well, pour cream over it. This is designed for children over a year old. It is slightly cathartic; especially if the milk be omitted, and is most useful in regulating the bowels. When this can be done without drugs, it is far better.

71. HoMixY AND Milk. One-half cup small hominy, one scant quart of cold Avater, pinch of salt. Boil one hour, stirring often. While hot, mix some soft with new milk, sweeten to taste and feed to the baby with a spoon. This is also relaxing to the bowels, and should not be given if the child is disposed to summer comjjlaint.

72. 458 CAKE AND CULTURE OF CHILDREN.

73. Graham Hasty Pudding. One cup Graham flour, wet up with cold water; one large cup boiling water and same quantity of milk; one saltspoonful salt. Stir the wet flour into the boiling water, slightly salted. Boil ten minutes, stirring almost constantly; add the milk, and cook, after it has come again to a boil, ten minutes longer. Give with sugar nd milk for breakfast.

74. Eaten with cream, nutmeg, and powdered sugar, this is a good ' ain dessert for grown people as well as children.

75. Rice Flour Hasty Pudding

76. IS made as above, substituting two heaping tablespoonfuls rice flour for the Graham.

77. Milk Porridge. One tablespoonful Indian meal, one cup of white flour, wet to a paste with cold water; two cups boiling water, two cups milk, a good pinch of salt. Boil the paste in hot water twenty minutes; add the milk, and cook ten minutes more, stirring often. Eat with sugar and milk, stirred in while hot.

78. Mush an^d Milk. One cup Indian meal, wet up with cold water; two quarts cold water; salt to taste. Boil two hours; stirring often with a wooden spoon or a stick. To be eaten hot with milk and sugar.

79. Condensed Milk. This is perhaps the safest substitute for the " good milk from one cow," which few mothers in town can procure. Keep the can in a cool place and mix according to directions.

80. Moral Influence — Obedience. In the preceding pages we have described the mode of manage- ment best adapted to the bodily wants of young children, but it is also necessary to suggest means for the healthy culture for the mental and moral faculties of childhood. For, though the growth

81. CARE AND CULTURE OF CHILDREN. 459

82. of the mind may not make visible progress in the same proportion as is seen in the tiny frame, the same steady development toward maturity is, nevertheless, taking place continually, resulting in a healthy or unsound condition of mind, according to the amount of culture bestowed. For this culture, the long period of helplessness which characterizes babyhood is especially favorable. A mother, as the being nearest and dearest to the almost unconscious infant, should act not only as the appointed guardian of its bodily welfare, but should also extend her care and effoi-t to the development and culture of its mind. By its parent's smile or frown an infant reads, as from a book, signs of approval or rebuke of every act com- mitted. Instinctively, little children turn toward their mothers on all occasions of doubt, and, unhesitatingly, they guide their course by the mute expression they observe on her face.

83. This golden opportunity of maintaining a natural influence is too valuable to be lightly regarded, or carelessly risked. Fi-ora the commencement, therefore, it is desirable that a mother should seize every occasion of turning it to good account. In all her actions toward her babe, she should ever bear in mind that example is the most impressive mode of teaching, and tha*: if she constantly does what is right in the presence of her child, a true principle of con- duct is imparted without any need of verbal explanation.

84. It is commonly believed that no harm can come of letting a child have its own way, so long as it is a mere babe. But this is a serious delusion. As soon as a child is of an age to express its wants, whether by one means or another, it is old enought to be brouglit into habits of obedience. Obedience is the first lesson to be taught, and very sensible are all well-managed babes of its meaning. No harsh words, no impatient gestures, need be added to enforce the rule, which consists simply in not doing what the babe demands, if it is not the right time and the proper place for the desired gratifi- cation.

85. Take food as an example. If children were left to themselves they would be eating and drinking perpetually of whatever came in

86. 460 CARE AND CULTURE OF CHILDREN.

87. their way, till the stomach could no longer retain the imj^i'^jx^r substances. Wholesome food would be rejected for more palatable sweets and dainties. Before long, depraved tastes would be con- :firmed. Much the same misfortune sometimes befalls over-fed children of the wealthy, notwithstanding the care bestowed in other resj^ects on their nurture; and an impaired constitution is thft result. Food, then, becomes alike a means of bodily nourishment and of discipline of the mind. The quality of the food, and the hour at which it is taken, are m"*te' . for the pa.rent to decide to the best of her judgment. Ha'-inp^ clon^ so, any fretful impatience on the part of the child sbould W ur\eeded. If. in a fit of passion, the usual meal should bt; refused, no attempt at persuasion should be wasted, but, after a reasonable time for recovery from any dis- appointment experienced, the objectionabb repast should be put aside, and the child's attention turned to something else. Hungel is an eloquent pleader, and if the refusal has merely sprung from disappointment at not having something else, signs of a craving appetite will soon appear. Then it win be time to re-offer the original nourishment, which, in all probability, will be greedily consumed. If, upon observation, it i^ found that the repetition of the same kind of food is repulsive, <,ho reason should be sought in the health of the child, or in the mode of preparing the meal. With respect to the time of feeding:^ irregularity should be guarded against by not giving children scraps to eat between meals; neithei should they be exposed to the sight of tempting food at unsuitable times.

88. Another early opportunity of implanting a spirit of obedience will be found in the impulsive habit which little children have of seizing whatever they desire to possess. This habit requires great firmness in checking, and a determination on the parent's part to risk a flood of tears rather than to let the coveted article remain in the child's possession. Added to the danger which results to little children from letting the habit of snatching have sway, the destruc- tion of property is liable to be very great. Consequently, a mother

89. CARE AND CULTURE OF CHILDREN. 461

90. should be on the watch to convey a notion that certain prohihited articles are hurtful. By shaking her head, looking gravely, and saying slowly, " No, no," at such times, a child will soon learn that something is wrong. If the child ceases in its attempts it will have understood the meaning of a very important word. If, however, the intelligence is not sufficiently strong, the object should be removed out of sight, the mother firmly reiterating the refusal, and looking the child in the face while she does so. By repeating this process a very few times, the meaning will become plain, and you will see that the child understands it. Should the child, however, repeat the attempt, the prohibition should bo repeated, and the consequences of the child's taking the responsibility should be suf- fered to appear. Touching fire, candles, heated irons, kettles of hot watei', and innumerable articles of a similar nature, can hardly be prevented in a nursery; therefore, if, after a fair understanding of the prohibition, a child persists in the attempt, a slight burn, or bruise, or scald, may prove a merciful suffenng. On such occasions sympathy at the infant's pain should be tempered with reproof, making him understand that when he was told not to do the deed, you knew it would hurt him. By the above and various other simple means, obedience receives practical and easy illustration,, even in infancy.

91. With children of more advanced age, the force of reasoning should be employed to render acts of obedience less painful to perform. Those who have charge of the young should bear in mind that they are dealing with beings liable to be impelled by impetuous passions into acts of danger, of which, from want of experience, they do not realize the extent. Adults, having passed through the ordeal of youth, know the punishment which an uncurbed spirit is apt to bring on its possessor. They have bought their experience dearly, perchance, from having no guiding hand to direct their course. The result of this experience should be to caution young people against preventable danger. In all warnings — especially where schoolboys are concerned — the truth should be

92. 462 CARE AND CULTURE OF CHILDREN.

93. plainly spoken, right and wrong made unmistakably clear, and for- giveness freely giA^en, whenever, from waywardness or indiscretion, the youthful wanderer has diverged from the right. Children that from their cradles have been accustomed to look upon their parents as their truest and most indulgent guides, are seldom want- ing in confidence toward them, when, through disobedience, they l:ave unhappily become entrammelled in difficulties.

Nutrition, whole recipe (rough)

Counts 5 of 6 ingredients. The other 1 aren't in our nutrition table and add nothing above, so the real totals are higher.

What these numbers assume: 5 portions

Ingredient	Portion assumed	kcal
Flour	1 cup (125g) all-purpose	455
Rice	1 cup cooked (158g) white	206
Milk	1 cup (244ml) whole	149
Sugar	1 tbsp (12.5g) granulated	49
Salt	1 tsp (6g)	0
Water	not in our table	0

One typical portion per ingredient; the recipe's quantities are not counted. A rough guide only, not for medical or dietary planning.