Name: Orange Gravy, for Wild Fowl
Ingredients: ½ pint rich brown gravy (or Espagnole); ½ rind of a Seville orange, pared thin; small strip of lemon rind; 1 hazelnut-sized piece of sugar; ¼ pint port or claret; juice of ½ lemon; 1 tablespoon Seville orange juice; cayenne to taste

Why it works: Orange and lemon match in chemistry and in kitchens. They rank in the top 1% of all ingredient pairs, and cooks put them together in 10,634 recipes. Both carry 3-hexenal, which smells apple, fruity. The science ↓

Orange Gravy, for Wild Fowl

Ingredients

½ pint rich brown gravy (or Espagnole)
½ rind of a Seville orange, pared thin
small strip of lemon rind
1 hazelnut-sized piece of sugar
¼ pint port or claret
juice of ½ lemon
1 tablespoon Seville orange juice
cayenne to taste

Directions

Boil the brown gravy, Seville orange rind, lemon rind, and sugar for about 10 minutes.
Strain the mixture.
Add the port or claret, lemon juice, and Seville orange juice.
Season with cayenne and serve hot.

Recipe from a historical cookbook (Internet Archive).

Transcribed from a scanned cookbook and modernised for today's kitchens. Where the book gave no heat or time, or said "a moderate oven", the temperatures and times here may be modern equivalents rather than the book's own figures.

Explore the science

The flavor team

The pairs that carry this dish. Each one is judged two ways: how much their aromas overlap, and how often cooks already put them together.

Orange + lemontop 1% of all pairs

Smell alikestrong

Cooked together10,634 recipes

Shared aroma: 3-hexenal (apple, fruity).
Lemon + hazelnuttop 12% of all pairs

Smell alikestrong

Cooked together205 recipes

Shared aroma: (e,e)-2,4-decadienal (fatty, deep fried).
Orange + hazelnuttop 14% of all pairs

Smell alikemoderate

Cooked together115 recipes

Shared aroma: coumarin (sweet, hay).
Lemon + sugartop 18% of all pairs

Smell alikelow

Cooked together53,532 recipes

Shared aroma: 2-nonenal (fatty, green).
Orange + sugartop 20% of all pairs

Smell alikelow

Cooked together19,212 recipes

Shared aroma: beta-damascenone (apple, rose).

Lemon and sugar barely smell alike, yet cooks put them together in 53,532 recipes: they work on texture and structure more than aroma.

Ranks compare each pair with 20,000 random ingredient pairs on CompKitchen. How we score pairs

What each ingredient does

Brown gravy: Forms the savoury base of the sauce and carries the other flavours.
Seville orange rind: Infuses bitter citrus aroma and oils into the gravy while it boils.
Port or claret: Adds depth and a fruity, slightly sweet wine flavour to the sauce.
Lemon juice: Adds acidity that brightens the rich gravy and balances sweetness.