Why it works: Butter and flour are a kitchen classic. They rank in the top 12% of all ingredient pairs, and cooks put them together in 124,287 recipes. Both carry isobutyraldehyde, which smells malty, green. The science ↓
Toad in the Hole of Mutton
Ingredients
Directions
Mix flour and suet with ½ cup of water to form a firm paste.
Cut the paste into 1-inch square pieces.
Season the steak with equal parts salt and pepper.
Roll out the paste to ¼ inch thick and line a well-buttered 3-pint pudding basin.
Trim excess paste and place the seasoned meat inside.
Add ¾ cup of water and wet the top edge of the paste.
Roll out remaining paste into a round piece to cover the meat.
Press the top paste firmly onto the meat and moisten the edges to seal.
Tie a pudding cloth over the top, gathering the corners together.
Place the basin in a pot with water halfway up the sides and boil for 2½ hours.
Remove the cloth and place the pudding on a dish, wrapping it in a napkin.
Cut a hole in the center and pour in 1½ cups of thin Espagnol sauce, then replace the cut-out piece.
Transcribed from a scanned cookbook and modernised for today's kitchens. Where the book gave no heat or time, or said "a moderate oven", the temperatures and times here may be modern equivalents rather than the book's own figures.
Explore the science
The flavor team
The pairs that carry this dish. Each one is judged two ways: how much their aromas overlap, and how often cooks already put them together.
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Butter + flourtop 12% of all pairsSmell alikelowCooked together124,287 recipes
Shared aroma: isobutyraldehyde (malty, green).
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Pepper + flourtop 19% of all pairsSmell alikemoderateCooked together50,459 recipes
Shared aroma: isobutyraldehyde (malty, green).
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Pepper + buttertop 21% of all pairsSmell alikemoderateCooked together85,593 recipes
Shared aroma: trans-2-nonenal (cardboard, fatty).
Butter and flour barely smell alike, yet cooks put them together in 124,287 recipes: they work on texture and structure more than aroma.
Ranks compare each pair with 20,000 random ingredient pairs on CompKitchen. How we score pairs
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