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White Sauce

A creamy sauce made by melting butter, whisking in flour, and adding white stock, optionally enriched with egg yolk, milk, or mace.

From an old cookbook · modernised transcription
From a historical cookbook (Internet Archive) · 6 ingredients
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Why it works: Butter and milk are a kitchen classic. They rank in the top 7% of all ingredient pairs, and cooks put them together in 81,283 recipes. Both carry (z)-4-heptenal, which smells biscuit, cream. The science ↓

White Sauce

Ingredients

Directions

Make the roux

  1. In a medium saucepan, melt the butter over low heat.

  2. Stir in the flour until well combined.

  3. Remove the pan from heat and stir until nearly cool.

Make the sauce

  1. Gradually pour in enough white stock to achieve a nice consistency.

  2. Return the pan to the heat and bring to a boil, stirring continuously for 15 minutes.

  3. Strain the sauce through a sieve before using.

Recipe from a historical cookbook (Internet Archive).

Transcribed from a scanned cookbook and modernised for today's kitchens. Where the book gave no heat or time, or said "a moderate oven", the temperatures and times here may be modern equivalents rather than the book's own figures.

Explore the science

The flavor team

The pairs that carry this dish. Each one is judged two ways: how much their aromas overlap, and how often cooks already put them together.

  1. Butter + milktop 7% of all pairs
    Smell alikemoderate
    Cooked together81,283 recipes

    Shared aroma: (z)-4-heptenal (biscuit, cream).

  2. Butter + flourtop 12% of all pairs
    Smell alikelow
    Cooked together124,287 recipes

    Shared aroma: isobutyraldehyde (malty, green).

  3. Flour + milktop 14% of all pairs
    Smell alikelow
    Cooked together78,219 recipes

    Shared aroma: isobutyraldehyde (malty, green).

  4. Flour + eggtop 15% of all pairs
    Smell alikelow
    Cooked together106,462 recipes

    Shared aroma: isobutyraldehyde (malty, green).

  5. Butter + eggtop 17% of all pairs
    Smell alikemoderate
    Cooked together118,967 recipes

    Shared aroma: decanal (soap, orange peel).

Butter and flour barely smell alike, yet cooks put them together in 124,287 recipes: they work on texture and structure more than aroma.

Ranks compare each pair with 20,000 random ingredient pairs on CompKitchen. How we score pairs

What each ingredient does

Butter
Enriches the sauce with fat and flavour, and helps form the roux with the flour.
Flour
Thickens the sauce as its starch swells in the hot liquid.
White stock
Forms the liquid base that the thickened roux turns into a sauce.

The step that matters

Stirring while the sauce boils. Flour starch can settle and scorch on the bottom of the pan, and constant stirring for the full 15 minutes keeps the sauce smooth and evenly thickened.

Swap the mace

The recipe marks mace as optional. How well each one fits the dish's main ingredients (butter, flour, egg, milk):

  1. Nutmegfits better
  2. Cinnamonfits better
  3. Capersfits better
  4. Macethe original

Fit is the average pairing score against butter, flour, egg, milk. Candidates are from the same food group and used in at least 100 recipes.

“What each ingredient does” and “The step that matters” were written by Claude from this recipe’s own method and reviewed in samples by CompKitchen.

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